Political Changes After The Crusades Essays - Christianization

Political Changes After the Crusades The series of crusades which started from the early the 1000's and lasted for about two hundred years caused many important political changes in Europe. One of the results of the Crusades was the shift of power between kings and feudal lords. The method of direct taxing was initiated by the kings for the first time. The church also assumed more political power because of its spiritual leadership role in the Crusades. Evidently, the Crusades caused major changes of politics in Europe. Power shifted in Europe from the feudal lords to kings after the Crusades. Kings imposed new taxed and raises armies to help the Crusades. In this process, they gained the respect and obedience of the people. The feudal lords on the other hand sold property and political liberties to towns in order to raise money for the wars, many nobles were also killed in the wars. After the Crusades, the nobles who got out of wars alive found themselves poor and powerless. Thus the kings had the stronghold of the government, and now controlled trade routes and their taxes, and had won full allegiance of the people. Direct taxes were imposed for the first time during the Crusades. These taxes were first collected to support these wars, but after the Crusades ended the taxes remained. These taxes provided funds for the government they remain even now. By imposing these new taxed, the kings officially had more power to tax than did the nobles. The Christian Church had even more political power by the end of the Crusades than before. This should make sense because the Crusades themselves were religious wars. By the Church commanding and directing these wars, it gained political power in the government. The popes who initiated these wars were almost like kings commanding their people to go to war. The church assuming this leadership role even more so made itself a major influence on the people's lives. The Crusades changed the politics of Europe in more ways than one. It is somewhat comforting to know that even though an unknown number of innocent people died in these wars, many good things came out of it. Some of these things changed the structure of the government once and for all. It is hard to imagine our lives if the Crusades have never taken place. Would we still be under the rule of feudal lords? Would the Church play a different role in our lives? Maybe we will never know. But what we do know is that the Crusades were important to our culture, our government, and to our religions, and that they were not fought in vain. Bibliography Biel, Timothy Levi The Crusades San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc., 1995 Mazour, Anotole G., Peoples, John M. World History: People and Nations Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1993 Armstrong, Karen Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1988

Describe the aspects of the poem Half-Past-Two by U.A.Fanthorpe

Describe the aspects of the poem Half-Past-Two by U.A.Fanthorpe Half Past TwoI will use the method of explaining every stanza to write about this poem in detail.'Half Past Two' is a poem in which Fanthorpe describes how a young child is given a detention for an unspecified misdemeanour and is forgotten by his teacher. Fanthorpe draws on her experience as a teacher to describe the scene as seen through the child's eyes.The Title of the poem tells me a lot of information even before I read the poem. The information it puts across is that: A boy is told to stay behind until 'Half Past Two' but this has no-meaning to him because he has no concept of 'time'. The boy cant tell the time but yet he divides the day up into familiar, recognisable units, as in 'schooltime', 'lunchtime', 'hometime'.Tone: "Half Past Two" uses a lot of different tones, tones such as: NostalgicInnocentDream Like!Stanza One: In this stanza Fanthorpe includes the first of his markers of the day which the boy recognizes as a time in the day.20080321 21 Half Past Two REEL BIG FISH at Catalys...

WILKINSON Surname Meaning and Family History

WILKINSON Surname Meaning and Family History The Wilkinson surname is a patronymic meaning son of Wilkin, from Wilkin, a diminutive for William from the Germanic name Wilhelm, which in turn derives from the elements wil, meaning will or desire, and helm, or helmet or protection. Wilkinson is just one of many surnames derived from William, or son of William. Wilkinson is the 72nd most common English surname. Surname Origin:  English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  WILKENSON, WILKERSON, WILKINS, MCQUILKIN, MCQUILKEN, MCQUILKAN, MACQUILKIN, MACQUILKEN, MACQUILKAN Famous People with the WILKINSON Surname Signe Wilkinson  -  Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonistTom Wilkinson  - Popular British character actorMark Wilkinson  - English furniture designerSir Geoffrey Wilkinson  -  won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1973John Gardner Wilkinson - one of the founders of EgyptologyJane Wilkinson Long -  considered the Mother of Texas for giving birth to the first child of European descent in Texas Where is the WILKINSON  Surname Most Common? Surname distribution information from  Forebears, tells us that the Wilkinson surname is most prevalent in England, particularly in the northern half of England.  Data from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  supports this, demonstrating that Wilkinson is most prevalent in the North region of England, followed by Yorkshire and Humberside, North West and East Midlands. Wilkinson is also more common in Tyrone in Northern Ireland, as well as throughout Australia and New Zealand. Genealogy Resources for the Surname WILKINSON Wilkinson Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Wilkinson family crest or coat of arms for the Wilkinson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. WILKINSON DNA ProjectMore than 130 members have joined this project for the Wilkinson surname to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information. WILKINSON Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Wilkinson ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Wilkinson ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - WILKINSON  GenealogyExplore over 6  million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Wilkinson surname and variants on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Wilkinson RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Wilkinson surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Ancestry.com: Wilkinson SurnameExplore over 5  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Wilkinson surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Concept of a Trial by a Jury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept of a Trial by a Jury - Essay Example In the early case of William Penn and William Mead in 1670, this concept was challenged. William Penn and William Mead had been arrested, charged and tried at the Old Bailey for â€Å"tumultuous assembly† on a Sunday afternoon in London. (Randle, 2001) The jury had refused to convict and the judge in response had ordered the jury sequestered without food or drink or â€Å"so much as a chamber pot, though desired.† (Randle, 2001) Despite this kind of pressure the jurors continued to hold out with the result that they were fined and imprisoned. (Randle, 2001) A juror applied for a writ of habeas corpus and a judge of the King’s Bench ruled that no jury could be penalized for its verdict. (Knight, 1881, 211) Penn and Mead’s trial reflected some of the limitations and constraints on the fundamental concept of a fair and impartial jury as envisaged by the Magna Carta’s mandate for a trial by a jury of one’s peers. If a judge could put pressure on a jury or sanction the jury if it did not decide a case one way, there was no barrier between the government and the ordinary citizen. It is a fundamental concept of jury trials that the individual on trial is judged by the ordinary citizen. It was during the time of Penn’s trial that the American jury system began to establish itself as a protective barrier between the government and the accused man. (American Bar Association) This was particularly popular at a time when Americans regarded British laws as too harsh. In the final analysis, the perpetuation of such a jury is inconsistent with an element of fairness to both the accused and the victim which is an extension of the community at large. Modern jury selection techniques in America today ensure that both sides are well represented by the jury panel. The underlying goal is the selection of a panel that is impartial to both sides. For instance,   the common practice today is for the selection of jurors based on an assessment of their ability to determine the facts and issues objectively,   as opposed to partially or in favour of one side over another.  Ã‚  

Eating Healthy and Heart Disease (Cause and Effect) Essay

Eating Healthy and Heart Disease (Cause and Effect) - Essay Example Healthy eating and heart diseases are directly related. It is found that eating fats which are low saturated helps in reducing the risk of diseases related to heart. Changing unhealthy eating habits could help those who are already suffering from illness like high level of cholesterol. A balance of all kinds of food which means the right combination of food is necessary to maintain a healthy body. â€Å"Eating more healthy fat and fewer carbohydrates could help people control high blood pressure and raise their good cholesterol, according to a new study† (O’Leary 9). Usually fats are considered bad for the health but they are also essential ingredient in the overall wellbeing of the body. Certain studies reveal that consumption of fats that are healthy is good for maintaining good cholesterol. Reducing the intake of carbohydrates is another way of maintaining good cholesterol in the body. â€Å"The result from 164 people on different diets showed those rich in protein and good fats outperformed high – carbohydrate diets and reduced blood pressure and the risk of heart disease 20 percent. High on the list of good food was nuts, avocados and olive oil† (O’Leary 9).Diet rich in protein is proved beneficial in lowering the risk of diseases related to heart. Fish is rich in protein. Oily fishes like salmon, mackerel and pilchards have omega 3 fatty acids which are helpful in the prevention of heart diseases. Healthy food contains a lower degree of cholesterol. Fresh vegetables and fruits do not contain any cholesterol. High degree of cholesterol is linked with heart diseases. When there is some sort of accumulation in the arteries, the arteries become narrow. Arteries which are narrow could lead to heart attack or even stroke. Fibre is not categorized as a nutrient; still it is one of the essential components required in maintaining a healthy digestive system. Some fibres do help in

Marijuana: Safe, Therapeutic, and Illegal :: Pro Marijuana Legalization

Marijuana is illegal. Illegal to possess, purchase, distribute or grow. To start off the basic non-creative, non-read between the lines question; Why? Why was marijuana made illegal that fateful day 68 years ago. Is there a justifiable reason to the original criminalization and continuation of that law to present day? So, again I ask; Why? Yet, besides the reason why marijuana is illegal many are against the prohibition laws. However, possibly just as many are for keeping marijuana in the same position it has stood for 68 years. Prohibitionists’ only non defensive argument is that marijuana is a gateway drug. Those in favor of marijuana legalization claim it has a medicinal value and is no worse than alcohol or cigarettes, in their own separate ways. Prohibitionists tend to disagree. Lastly, it seems the system is broken. The way the laws are set up really doesn’t work very effectively, or maybe the focus is on the wrong part of this situation or the ways to eliminate t he â€Å"problem† are being carried out in the wrong manor. Either way, whether marijuana is decriminalized or not some changes need to be made to the current system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a series of events the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 banned marijuana but it created consequences that were not expected. Prior to the congressional meeting, at which marijuana would be banned, lies and propaganda had been flying about amongst the people. Only years after alcohol prohibition ended the liquor industry, obviously seeing marijuana as a major threat, released the movie Reefer Madness, depicting a man going insane from smoking marijuana, which leads him to murder his entire family. He obviously had some other serious issues. Seeing hemp as a major threat to the plastics industry and timber industry, each aided in promoting the movie and campaigning for marijuana prohibition. Since alcohol prohibition had ended in 1933 the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, now DEA, was losing money. This could be connected to their director, Harry Anslinger’s strong interest in marijuana prohibition. He spoke before congress with circumstantial evidence and accusati ons that I hopefully would not fly today. â€Å"Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes.† I would think today that this statement would be considered bad conduct but then again it isn’t quite legal to have a partner of the same sex. Marijuana: Safe, Therapeutic, and Illegal :: Pro Marijuana Legalization Marijuana is illegal. Illegal to possess, purchase, distribute or grow. To start off the basic non-creative, non-read between the lines question; Why? Why was marijuana made illegal that fateful day 68 years ago. Is there a justifiable reason to the original criminalization and continuation of that law to present day? So, again I ask; Why? Yet, besides the reason why marijuana is illegal many are against the prohibition laws. However, possibly just as many are for keeping marijuana in the same position it has stood for 68 years. Prohibitionists’ only non defensive argument is that marijuana is a gateway drug. Those in favor of marijuana legalization claim it has a medicinal value and is no worse than alcohol or cigarettes, in their own separate ways. Prohibitionists tend to disagree. Lastly, it seems the system is broken. The way the laws are set up really doesn’t work very effectively, or maybe the focus is on the wrong part of this situation or the ways to eliminate t he â€Å"problem† are being carried out in the wrong manor. Either way, whether marijuana is decriminalized or not some changes need to be made to the current system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a series of events the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 banned marijuana but it created consequences that were not expected. Prior to the congressional meeting, at which marijuana would be banned, lies and propaganda had been flying about amongst the people. Only years after alcohol prohibition ended the liquor industry, obviously seeing marijuana as a major threat, released the movie Reefer Madness, depicting a man going insane from smoking marijuana, which leads him to murder his entire family. He obviously had some other serious issues. Seeing hemp as a major threat to the plastics industry and timber industry, each aided in promoting the movie and campaigning for marijuana prohibition. Since alcohol prohibition had ended in 1933 the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, now DEA, was losing money. This could be connected to their director, Harry Anslinger’s strong interest in marijuana prohibition. He spoke before congress with circumstantial evidence and accusati ons that I hopefully would not fly today. â€Å"Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes.† I would think today that this statement would be considered bad conduct but then again it isn’t quite legal to have a partner of the same sex.

Little Sister

SCENE 21 BELLA is walking down the hall. She has been crying. JORDAN spots her BELLA Do you have any chips? JORDAN No. †¦ Bella, you okay? BELLA Fine. Don’t look at me. JORDAN No you’re not. What’s wrong? BELLA I need some chips. An economy size two-bag box of chips. JORDAN Tracey †¦ Has she been bugging you, hurting your †¦ BELLA Not her. Katie. JORDAN Katie †¦ BELLA Sometime she can be incredibly mean. Everyone can be increadibly mean. JORDAN Tell me about it. Tracey just kicked the fender on my dad’s car. She scratched it. I’m not kidding.BELLA If I had no one to go with and you had no one to go with †¦ JORDAN Where? BELLA To grad. JORDAN Grad’s two years away. BELLA If neither of us had anyone to go with †¦ could we †¦ could we go together? JORDAN Sure. But that’s way in the future, Bella. You’ll probably be married by then, a good Italian girl like you †¦ BELLA You mean it? Youâ€℠¢ll really g o with me? I get so worried I’ll miss it. I get so worried I can’t sleep at night. You really mean it? JORDAN Bella I’d like to go with you. Even if you’re going out with someone I’ll hold you to it. I’ll force you to go with me.It’s a date and I’m it. Okay? BELLA Deal. BACKGROUND There are main five characters in the script of Little Sister: Tracey, Katie, Bella, Jay and Jordan. The author of this script is Joan Macleod. It happened in a Vancouver school. Katie just moves to here from Toronto. She hasn’t adapted here yet. Tracey and Bella are friends and study in this school. Other two boys Jay and Jordan are good friends too. From the script, Jay likes the new girl Katie because she is classic and totally different from the girls here; (He thinks) however, Tracey seems like Jay – A triangle love.And Jordan is nice to everybody. The one of the scene in this script, Scene 21, it occurs the school hall . Bella is walking down the hall. She has been crying because Katie hurt Bella’s weight problem. And Jordan who is a kind guy spots Bella. The relationship between Jordan and Bella is not really close to each other. But both of them are nice and pure. In this scene, Jordan knows why Bella cries, and promises her to go the grad together, although, grad is still two years away. The end with the scene is Jordan makes Bella happy and smile.THE PROPS LIST Two chairs One bag with towels One Tennis racket CHARACTER ANALYSIS – BELLA Bella is very nice to the new student Katie. She is a kind and simple girl. On Page 56 and 57, Bella said hello to Katie and tried to introduce her-self â€Å"I’m Bella. You’re new, eh? † Moreover, Bella discussed those models’ weights on the fashion magazine with Katie on page 73, Scene 7, although Bella have the weight problem too. â€Å"Girl’s washroom, Bella and Katie are poring over a fashion magazine†¦ .. † Bella got good grade on her history project which is B.It also mentioned on page 75, Scene 7, â€Å"Bella: What did you get on your history project? Tracey: C minus. Bella: I got a B. Katie? †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bella thought she was fat and Tracey didn’t agree. On page 66, Scene 4, when Tracey said that Katie agree with her about Paula Abdul’s fat, Bella shouted â€Å"Fat! God! What do you two think when you look at me? † However, Tracy didn’t mind and answered â€Å"We think you’re big-boned. † Bella’s first goal was going to the Halloween dances as Madonna, and she achieved. â€Å"My goal is the Halloween dance. Twenty-six pounds.That’s my first goal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Tracey! I’m going to the Halloween dance as Madonna†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Page 57, Scene 1 Then, on page 79, Scene 9, â€Å"Jordan, Bella and Tracey are in the washroom, passing around a bottle of beer. Bella is dressed like Madonna. † B ella’s aunt lives in Toronto. It could be proved by Page 59, Scene 2, â€Å"Tracy: Where’re you from? Katie: Toronto. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Bella: My aunt lives there. Ross Scarpacci. She’s my mum’s littlest sister†¦ † What is more, Bella asked Tracy to go see Katie together when Katie was in hospital. On page 87, Scene 11, â€Å"we should go see her.I’ve never even been in hospital overnight, except when I was born†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bella got the card for everyone to sign and tried to make Katie feeling better in the hospital. On page 92, Scene 13, â€Å"Tracey: We just got here†¦ you look good. You look okay. Katie: Fat. Bella: Katie, you look beautiful†¦ Bella: Everybody misses you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On page 107, Scene 20, all girls are talking about their plan for spring break. Bella is going to Disneyland. â€Å"We’re going to Disneyland. Can you believe it? I’ve wanted to go since I was two but not now. Yo u want some chips? †